BIOLOGY

Cell
Basic unit of structure of living cells.
Cell Theory
~ All organisms are made up of cells,<br>~ Smallest organisational unit,
Biogenisis
Cells derived from pre-existing cells.
Plasma Membrane
Also known as the cell membrane. <br>Separates the outside environment from inside of the cell as well as controlling what enters and exits the cell.
Cytoplasm
Made up of the cytosol, and organelles (Eukaryotes.) While 80% is water, it also contains ions, salts and organic molecules.
DNA
Holds the hereditary information that's passed between generations.
Ribosomes
These organelles are responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
Prokaryotes
- Unicellular,<br>- Lacks nucleus,<br>- No membrane-bound organelles,<br>- Found in extreme conditions,<br>- single DNA chromosomes, (genosphore),<br>- Genosphore found in nucleoid,<br>- Cell wall (prevents damage and dehydration), <br>- Flagella - enables free movement,<br>- Pili - involved in transferring DNA,
Eukaryotes
- Membrane bound organelles,<br>- Nucleus,<br>- Specialised organelles,<br>- 'Cell Compartmentalisation'
Kingdom of Classification
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Bacteria
Single-celled organisms. Most numerous and oldest organism in the biosphere.
Archaea
Extremophiles. Organisms that live in extreme conditions, such as acidic, boiling or freezing conditions.
Lipids
Fatty organic compounds, composed of carbon, hydrogen.
Organelle Membranes
Allows each organelle to have their own composition. Also helps control the movement within the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Processes and modifies proteins.
Smooth Endoplasmic Retculum
Synthesis lipids.
Lysosome
Digests cellular waste material and foreign matter.
Mitochondrion
Obtains energy from organic compounds and is the site of cell respiration.
Chloroplast
Uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose. Also the site of photosynthesis.
Centriole
Involved in cell division and formation of cell structures.
Flagellum
Mobility.
Vacuole
Stores substances and helps plant cells with their structure.
Plastid
Synthesis' and storage's various organic molecules.
Cell Wall
Cell structure and protection.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalysts. They only catalyse one type of reaction.
Biological term for cell membrane
semi / selectively / differentially permeable membrane
Fluid Mosaic Fluid
The structure of the cell membrane. Consisting of protein, lipids, phospholipid bilayer and more.
Phospholipids
The building block of Phospholipid Bilayer. Made up of a hydrophobic (doesn't like water) tail and hydrophilic (likes water) head.
Protein
Permanent (Integral), temporary (peripheral) or spanning the phospholipid bilayer (transmembrane.)
Carrier Protein
Change shape/form to allow certain shaped molecules through.<br><br>Involved in Active Transport.
Active Transport
-Requires energy to move substances,<br>-Can only occur through carrier proteins,<br>-ATP is needed for this process,<br><br>Carrier Protein changes shape to allow a substance to be pushed through.
Endocytosis
Materials are taken into the cell by being pocketed by the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
Vecsicle enclosing particles joins membrane to release enclosed material.
Channel Protein
Allow specific proteins through.
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules. <br><br>~Net movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low concentration.<br><br>~Water molecules move from area of low solute concentration to area of high concentration. (SALT SUCKS)
Facilitated Diffusion
A process in which substances move through the plasma membrane down the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.
Simple Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low until it is uniform throughout.
Concentration effect on diffusion
The concentration becomes uniform quicker if the bigger the difference in concentration.
Temperature effect on diffusion
Increasing the temperature increases the speed of the molecules movement.
Particle size effect on diffusion
The smaller the particle, the quicker the rate of diffusion through the membrane.
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Having a larger surface area to volume ratio means more efficiency at exporting and taking in substances. <br>Having a smaller surface area to volume ratios, hence decreases the efficiency of exchange.
Concentration Gradient
A difference in concentration of a solute between one region and another.
Solute
A substance dissolved in a fluid.
Solvent
A fluid in which a substance is dissolved.
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration of solute, low concentration of water.
Hypotonic
A solution with a higher concentration of water, low concentration of solute.
Isotonic
Same concentration across the board.
Crenated / Plasmolysed
Shriveled and shrunk from cell wall.
Lysed / Turgid
Swelled and burst, Pushing against cell wall.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Autotroph
An autotroph is an organism that can obtain organic compounds by converting inorganic matter.
Heterotroph
A heterotroph obtains organic compounds from either a producer or other heterotrophs.
Cellular Respiration
A process that all cells do. It takes place in the mitochondria and creates energy that is stored in organic compounds.
Cellular Respiration word formula
Oxygen+Glucose-&gt;Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy
Photosynthesis
A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into food. Takes place in the Chloroplast.
Photosynthesis word formula
Carbon dioxide + water (with light) = Glucose and Oxygen
Stomata
A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allow gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.
Leaf Structure
System
A group of organs that work together to perform a vital task.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in a cell.
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant internal environment at optimum levels.
Factors under Homeostatic control
- Blood glucose,<br>- Body Temp,<br>- Oxygen &amp; C02 Concentration,<br>- pH of blood tissue and fluids,
Negative Feedback
A corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits.