Toggle navigation
Strongmemo
Subjects
Register
Login
Home
HOSA: Anatomy and Physiology
HOSA: Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
the study of the structure and relationship between body parts
Physiology
the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
Histology
the study of tissues at a microscopic level
Cytology
the study of cells at a microscopic level
Neurophysiology
the study of how the nervous system function
Organelles
specialized bodies within the cell that perform specific cellular functions
Homeostasis
the maintenance of stable, internal conditions within specific limits
Negative Feedback
a sensing mechanism that detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits
Effector
control center or integrator that evaluates the change and activates a second mechanism to correct the condition
Positive Feedback
an action that intensifies a condition so that it is driven farther beyond normal limits
Sagittal Planes
divide a body or organ vertically
Frontal Plane
divides body or organ into front and back
Horizontal Plane
divides body or organ into top and bottom
Posterior/Dorsal Cavity
includes cranial and vertebral cavity
Anterior/Ventral Cavity
includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
Contralateral
on opposite sides of the body
DNA
where molecules store the genetic information of a cell
Catalyst
any substance that accelerates a reaction but does not undergo a chemical change itself
Metabolism
the breakdown of substances, the formation of new products, or the transferring of energy from one substance to another
Tissues
groups of similar cells working together to perform a common function
Epithelial Tissue
closely packed, flattened cells that are mainly avascular and the upper surface is exposed to the outside of the body
Squamous Cells
flat epithelium cells
Cuboidal Cells
cube or hexagon shaped epithelium cells
Columnar Cells
tall, thick epithelium cells that protect underlying tissue
Transitional Cells
range from flat to tall epithelium cells that extend or compress in response to body movements
Endocrine Glands
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Exocrine Glands
secrete their substances into tubes or ducts which carry the secretions to the epithelial surface
Functions of Skin
protection, sensation, thermoregulation, synthesis of vitamin D, and excretion of salts and small amounts of wastew
Keratinocytes
produces keratin in the skin to harden and waterproof the skin
Melanocytes
produce melanin to protect cells from ultraviolet radiation
Langerhans Cells
phagocytic macrophages that interact with white blood cells during an immune response
Merkel Cells
deep in the epidermis; serve a sensory function
Stratum Lucidum
"thick skin"; found only in palm and sole
Dermis
second layer of skin; consists of various connective tissues
Hypodermis
between dermis and underlying organs; consists mostly of adipose
Hair Shaft
portion of the hair that is visible
Hair Root
portion of hair that penetrates the skin
Hair Follicle
the sheath that surrounds the hair in the skin
Bulb
base of the hair follicle
matrix
bottom of the hair follicle where cells divide and produce new hair cells
Arrector Pili
a smooth muscle that is attached to the hair and causes the hair to "stand up" when cold or frightened
Lunula
semilunar lighter region of the nail
Sudoriferous
sweat
Hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells in the red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones
Sesamoid Bones
round bones such as the knee
Sutural or Wormian Bones
occur between the joints of the cranial bone
Compact Bone
hard material that makes up the shaft of long bones and the outside surfaces of other bones
Diaphysis
shaft; the long tubular portion of long bones
Epiphysis
the expanded end of a long bone; where red blood cells are formed
Periosteum
the membrane covering the outside of the diaphysis
Metaphysis
the area where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis
Medullary Cavity
marrow cavity is the open area within the diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
covers the epiphysis where the joints occur
Endosteum
the membrane that lines the marrow cavity
Crest
narrow ridge
Epicondyle
process on or above a condyle
Spine
sharp or pointed process
Trochanter
large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur
Tubercle
small, knoblike process
Tuberosity
large, knoblike process
Fissure
narrow opening
Fontanel
membrane-covered spaces between skulls bones (only in babies)
Foramen
round opening
Fossa
shallow depression
Fovea
pitlike depression
Meatus
tubelike passage
Sinus
interior cavity
Sulcus
long, narrow depression
How many cranial bones are there?
8
How many facial bones are there?
14
How many vertebrae are there?
26; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar, sacrum and coccyx
Synovial Joints
surrounded by synovial fluid and make up most joints in the body
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of the muscle cell
Aponeurosis
a flat broad extension of the three muscle linings and serves the same function as a tendon
Fascia
layer or sheet of connective tissue
Motor Neuron
muscle stimulated by a neuron
Axon
long, slender process of the cell that sends nerve impulses
Efferent Neurons
transmit nerve impulses from the CNS toward cells that produce a response
Schwann Cells
wrap around the axon to produce an insulating myelin sheath
Synapse
the gap that separates adjacent neurons or a neuron and a muscle