Medical Anatomy & Physiology Review

What cavity holds the liver?
abdominal cavity
Describe anatomy.
the study of structure
What is the name of the mechanism that works like a pendulum, it initiates an action to reverse or reduce the original stimulus?
negative feedback, homeostasis
What plane divides you into right and left halves?
sagittal plane (midsagittal)
Give some examples of positive feedback.
childbirth, ovulation, and blood clotting
What are the levels of organization?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
What quadrant is the spleen found in?
LUQ
Why are homeostatic mechanisms said to work by negative feedback?
because most reverse the original stimulus
What anatomical plane cuts you into front and back halves?
frontal plane
What is an ion?
an atom that either gains or loses electrons
What are the four most abundant elements in the body?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What type of chemical bonds transfer electrons from one atom to another?
ionic
List the states of matter.
solid, liquid, gas
What is the pH scale?
the scale that tells how acidic or basic a solution is
What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
What are organic compounds? Inorganic?
organic = usually contain carbon, are large, form covalent bonds, and are flammable inorganic= do not have carbon, are small, and usually form ionic bonds
Name the transportation process that uses energy to move ions against a concentration gradient.
active transport
What structure controls all cellular activities?
nucleus
Which organelle does protein synthesis?
ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum
What cellular structure is responsible for moving the entire cell?
flagellum
Name the membrane found in all movable joints?
synovial membrane
What are the four main types of tissue?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Name the outermost layer of skin.
epidermis
What organelle is the site of cell product storage?
vacuoles
What are the four main cell components?
cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles
What type of cell division ends up with diploid cells?
mitosis
What type of gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream?
endocrine gland
What type of gland produces perspiration?
sudoriferous
What type of tissue binds things together?
connective tissue
What type of membrane is found lining body cavities without an opening to the outside?
serous membrane
Which organelle produces the enzyme responsible for phagocytic activity?
lysosomes
What is a synovial joint?
a joint with a synovial capsule and end of bones covered with articular cartilage
What type of joint are sutures of the skull?
fibrous joint
Which bone markings are only found on the femur?
trochanter
Name the shaft of a long bone.
diaphysis
What connects bone to bone?
ligaments
List two examples of fibrous joints.
sutures of skull, sockets of teeth, distal tibia/ fibula articulation
What cells break down existing bone matrix?
osteoclasts
Name the bone that does not articulate with any other bone.
hyoid
Name the theory that involves actin and myosin.
sliding filament theory
What type of muscle would you find intercalated disks and gap junctions in?
cardiac muscle
Which attachment is said to be most proximal and have the larger surface area?
origin
Name the condition that is characterized by chronic pain in muscles and soft tissues around joints.
fibromyalgia
Define synergist.
assits the agonist by providing additional force
Name the functions of the muscular system.
motion by levers, posture, regulate organ volume, thermogenesis, protection of internal organs
The thin filament in a muscle fiber is called __________.
actin
What muscle group does knee extension?
quadriceps
Name the two parts of the diencephalons.
thalamus, hypothalamus
What does the brainstem regulate?
regulates vital, unconscious processes
Where do you find the vestibule, semicircular canal, and the cochlea?
inner ear
What does the temporal lobe do?
hearing and balance, interpretation of sensory experiences, memory of visual scenery and music
Name the parts of the brain stem.
pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata
What are the two primary divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
What part of the brain controls balance and coordination?
cerebellum
Name the part of the outer ear that directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane.
auricle or pinna
What is the pigmented part of the eye, and what does it do?
iris, controls the amount of light that goes into the eye
Name the lobes of the the cerebrum.
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
Name the three stages of hemostasis?
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
What system is responsible for changes during puberty?
endocrine
Name the triangular glands on each kidney.
adrenal
What causes acromegaly?
excessive HGH during adulthood
What is the thyroid hormone that helps influence metabolism and metabolic rate?
thyroxine
Name the condition that deals with hyposecretion of growth hormone.
dwarfism
Name the glands of the endocrine system.
pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas
What is the master gland? Why?
pituitary, because it regulates the other glands
What is the name for the disease in which the body cannot regulate blood sugar?
diabetes mellitus
What disorder is known for infected swollen parotid glands?
mumps
What blood type has B antigens and A antibodies?
type B blood
Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of what?
Leukocytes (WBC)
Which WBC does HIV infect?
T-cells
What element is described as an anucleated bioconcave disc?
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Name the formed elements found in blood.
erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
What cells are responsible for synthesis of antibodies?
B-cells
What valve is found between the rt atrium and the rt ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
Which serous membrane surrounds the heart?
pericardium
Name the genetic condition where blood lacks clotting factor.
hemophilia
In what type of vessel does nutrient exchange take place?
capillaries
What is the cardiac cycle term for relaxation of the ventricles?
diastole
What type of artery carries deoxygenated blood?
pulmonary artery
What is the gas exchange called that happens between the capillaries and the body cells?
internal respiration
Name the respiratory pathway into the body.
nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and aveoli
What do you call the air that you breath in and out during normal breathing?
tidal volume
What disorder is characterized by the lungs filling up with pus or fluid?
pneumonia
What is the primary stimulus for breathing?
carbon dioxide
What structure forms the Adam's Apple?
thyroid cartilage
Where does gas exchange occur within the lungs?
alveoli
Name the parts of the small intestine.
deudenum, jejunum, and ileum
List in order the parts of the large intestine.
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
What does salivary amylace breakdown?
carbohydrates
What does bile do?
emulsifies fat
Name the accessory organs of the digestive system?
teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, spleen,
What does pepsin help chemically digest?
protein
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
Name the layers of a tooth.
enamel, dentin, and pulp
What is the outer layer of kidney called?
renal capsule
What processes are involved in urine formation.
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Name the parts of the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Which kidney structure is responsible for filtration?
nephron
What urinary structure stores urine?
bladder
What are some terms that mean urination?
micturition, urination, voiding
What disorder is caused by hyposection of ADH?
diabetes insipidus
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
Name the external male reproductive structures.
scrotum, penis
How many days are in the typical menstrual cycle?
28
Dilation and effacement take place during what stage of labor?
1st stage of labor
Name the upper dome shaped portion of the uterus.
fundus
Which type of cellular division forms gamates?
meiosis
What hormone is responsible for maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy?
progesterone
What does the male chromosome #23 look like?
Y
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
seminiferous tubules
Medial
closer to the midline
Lordosis
abnormal curve of the lumbar spine
Foramen
a hole or tunnel in a bone
Agonist
prime mover
Anorexia
lack of appetite
Incontinence
inability to control urination
Sarcomere
functional unit of a muscle fiber
Mastification
chewing
Cytokenesis
division of cytoplasm
Scoliosis
lateral curve of the spine
Motor unit
one nerve and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
Duramater
"tough mother" outermost of the meninges
Cataracts
loss of transparency of the lens of the eye or its capsule
Embolus
a blood clot, bubble of air, or debris transported by the bloodstream
Antigen
substance that has the ability to provoke an immune response
CVA
Cardiovascular accident
Tidal volume
air breathed out during normal breathing
Ulcers
an open lesion of the skin or a mucous membrane
Peristalsis
wave-like motion
Cervix
neck or inferior cylindrical part of uterus
Fimbriae
finger-like projections at the ends of the uterine tubes
Strabismus
an imbalance in the extrinsic eye muscles that cannot be controlled voluntarily
BP
Blood Pressure